Negatively charged ions are called anions. When these atoms gain electrons, they acquire a negative charge because they now possess more electrons than protons. Some atoms have nearly eight electrons in their valence shell and can readily gain additional valence electrons until they have an octet. Most metals become cations when they make ionic compounds. Positively charged ions are called cations. Atoms that lose electrons acquire a positive charge as a result because they are left with fewer negatively charged electrons to balance the positive charges of the protons in the nucleus. In cases where an atom has three or fewer valence electrons, the atom may lose those valence electrons quite easily until what remains is an octet in the next lower shell. Some atoms have only a few electrons in their outer shell, while some atoms lack only one or two electrons to have an octet. Most atoms do not have eight electrons in their valence electron shell. Covalent bonding and covalent compounds will be discussed in Section 4 “Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds”. The bond made by electron sharing is called a covalent bond. These shared electrons simultaneously occupy the outermost shell of both atoms. The second way for an atom to obtain an octet of electrons is by sharing electrons with another atom. The resulting compounds are called ionic compounds. Because opposite charges attract (while like charges repel), these oppositely charged ions attract each other, forming ionic bonds. Those that lose electrons become positively charged, and those that gain electrons become negatively charged. Because some atoms will lose electrons and some atoms will gain electrons, there is no overall change in the number of electrons, but with the transfer of electrons the individual atoms acquire a nonzero electric charge. One way is the transfer of electrons between two atoms until both atoms have octets. There are two ways for an atom that does not have an octet of valence electrons to obtain an octet in its outer shell. This useful rule of thumb is called the octet rule, and it is a key to understanding why compounds form. Chemists have concluded that atoms are especially stable if they have eight electrons in their outermost shell. What else do the noble gas elements have in common? Except for helium, they all have eight valence electrons. These elements-helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon-do not form compounds very easily, which suggests that they are especially stable as lone atoms. What causes atoms to make a chemical bond with other atoms, rather than remaining as individual atoms? A clue comes by considering the noble gas elements, the rightmost column of the periodic table. Chemical bonds are formed when electrons in different atoms interact with each other to make an arrangement that is more stable than when the atoms are apart. 3.1 Two Types of BondingĪtoms can join together by forming a chemical bond, which is a very strong attraction between two atoms. We will see additional examples of such differences in section 3.3 of this chapter covering “Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds”, as we consider how atoms combine to form compounds. Nevertheless, the compound has properties completely different from either elemental sodium (a chemically reactive metal) or elemental chlorine (a poisonous, green gas). Table salt, as we have seen, consists of only two elements: sodium and chlorine. Compounds can be very complex combinations of atoms, but many important compounds are fairly simple. There are only 118 known chemical elements but tens of millions of known chemical compounds. 3 Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds Covalent Bonds Electron Sharing Covalent Bonds Between Different Atoms Multiple Covalent Bonds 3.4 Chapter Summary Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds 3. 2 Ions Electron Transfer Lewis Diagrams 3. This text is published under creative commons licensing, for referencing and adaptation, please click here. For the interactive PDF, adobe reader is required for full functionality. This content can also be downloaded as a PDF file.
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Barium sulfate is insoluble, so we would have a precipitation reaction upon mixing solutions of ammonium sulfate and barium chlorideĢ NH 4 +( aq) + SO 4 2−( aq) + Ba 2+( aq) + 2 Cl −( aq) Only a few chlorides are insoluble according to our table, and ammonium chloride is not among them. If we we switch partners, we would have barium sulfate and ammonium chloride. In this example, we know ammonium sulfate and barium chloride are soluble. The other ions remain in solution, and should also be written on the product side, but as aqueous ions. For an insoluble combination, write the formula for that compound as a product (solid state). If all combinations are soluble, there is no reaction, and thus no net ionic equation to write. (2) Check the solubility rules for insoluble combinations. The products of both these equations should all be written as reactants in a new equation:ĢNH 4 +( aq) + SO 4 2−( aq) + Ba 2+( aq) + 2 Cl −( aq) (1) Write the dissolution equation for each ionic compound in solution.Įxample: Suppose we want to write chemical equations correctly describing what will occur when we mix solutions of ammonium sulfate and barium chloride.Īre the two dissolution equations. What follows is a procedure for writing net ionic equations, with an example. Therefore do not appear in a net ionic equation. Spectator ions are unchanged in the precipitation reaction, and The ion types that do not undergo reaction, and remain in solutionĪfter precipitation, are known as spectator ions. (the products) is known as a net ionic equation. Reactants) and the ionic compound that forms the precipitate Reaction that involves only the ionic species that react (the When a precipitation reaction occurs, a chemical equation for the precipitation Sodium acetate is soluble and remains in solution. Lead iodide actually forms a bright yellow solid. Lead iodide is insoluble and will precipitate. Solutions of lead acetate and sodium iodide are mixed. No precipitation reaction should occur.Įxample 2. The combinations we must check are ammonium nitrate and sodium sulfate.Īll nitrates and most sulfates are soluble, and sodium sulfate is not listed among the Will a precipitation occur upon mixing their aqueous solutions? For the two soluble compounds above, ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate, Whether precipitation will occur when two solutions of different soluble ionic compounds are mixed.Įxample 1. The above table (or one similar to it) can be used to predict Soluble: solubility > 1 g / 100 g water Slightly soluble: 1 g / 100 g water ≥ solubility ≥ 0.01 g / 100 g water Insoluble: solubility < 0.01 g / 100 g water. Table 1: Solubility of ionic compounds in aqueous solution The solubility rules presented below are from Oxtoby, et al. The rules provide a quick qualitative check on the solubility of combinations of ions in water. These vary in detail, according to different sources, but broadly speaking The solvent molecules interact very strongly with the ions, which are said to be solvated.Ī simple set of rules, known as solubility rules,Īllows us to predict when a precipitation reaction will occur. All the other stoichiometric relationships are one-to-one. Note in particular that each formula unit of (NH 4) 2SO 4 Notice that dissociation equations express stoichiometric relationships. So for example, the dissociation equations for the soluble ionic compounds ammonium sulfate The number of atoms of each type and the net charge on each side of the equation must be the same. Of course, just like any other chemical equation, it must be balanced: In this view, dissociation seems more like a physical change than a chemical change,īut we can still represent the process as a chemical equation. We call an ionic compound that dissociates in solution to give rise to mobile ions an This is why pure water does not conduct electricity well, but a solution of NaCl (for example) can. Solid crystal lattice into individual ions that are free to move about in solution. When an ionic compound dissolves in water to form a solution, the compound dissociates into separated ions.įor most purposes, we can consider this dissociation as a separation of pre-existing ions from a The precipitate can be separated from the remaining solution by filtration.ĭissociation of ionic compounds in aqueous solution The cloudiness is due to the formation of small aggregations of solid substance (the precipitate). In such cases, the solution turns visibly cloudy, a phenomenon known as precipitation. When the ions present together in the mixture can form an insoluble compound. Writing molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for a precipitation reaction.Ī precipitation reaction occurs upon the mixing of two Using solubility rules: Predicting when a precipitation reaction will occur. GENERAL CHEMISTRY TOPICS Precipitation reactionsĭissociation of ionic compounds in aqueous solution.
These jobs may include admin, as well as email handling, chat support, and messages. These are typically jobs that do not require direct interaction or voice, but rather lead with knowledge. These are calls to customers or prospects to support sales and marketing, or follow-up and surveys. For example, the result of a marketing campaign or an existing customer needing support.īPO sales reps and service staff’s key role is to provide satisfactory answers to all types of customer queries, with a view to supporting long-term customer conversion and long-term retention. Voice BPO processes can be further divided into the following two categories: Inbound Calls These interactions can be at any stage of the customer journey – from the first customer interaction, after-sales services, or troubleshooting and technical support. What is a Voice-Based BPO Process?Ī voice-based BPO process refers to speaking directly to customers on the phone, which could be a job in the form of sales or support. Both have paramount importance in customer service in supporting an omnichannel contact centre. BPOs also extend to offshore corporations in India (for example).īPOs are typically classified into two types: voice and non-voice. It’s currently a major contributor to the economy and provides a good variety of services. This allows them to better focus on their core functions.īPOs started the boom of IT in the UK and, over the years, BPO business has matured in leaps and bounds. It refers to a strategy that contact centres can use to scale their business, reduce operational costs, and streamline their processes by outsourcing to a third party. What is BPO?īPO is an acronym for Business Process Outsourcing. By bringing seamless, multi-modal biometrics to your customers, agents and IVR, you prevent fraud losses, reduce your average handle times, contain more calls within IVR, and deliver markedly better customer experiences from any phone, anywhere.Here’s a quick overview of what BPO means, alongside the key distinctions between voice and non-voice. But in nearly all cases, a biometric-based multi-modal platform solution for the call center can dramatically improve fraud prevention. Įvery call center is undoubtedly unique, as are organization’s requirements. Companies may also use data loss prevention software to block attempts to download, copy, or transmit sensitive electronic data.
In general, the bigger the window is, the more it will cost. They range from $300 to $1,500-plus with an average $800 to $1,200 per unit. They are truly top-tier in terms of quality, but are less commonly seen due to higher price tags fiberglass windows are one of the most expensive options available. Fiberglassįiberglass windows offer durability, energy efficiency and aesthetic flexibility. Composite windows require minimal maintenance once installed. Each window costs around $500 to $800 per unit on average but can range from $300 to over $1,800 depending on the window. CompositeĬomposite windows are usually made of a combination of PVC polymers and wood fibers, making them strong, durable and attractive. They require regular maintenance to protect the integrity of the material. Wood frames are one of the more expensive options, ranging from $150 to $1,800 or more per window unit, with an average price of $ 300 to $600 each. Wood windows are a beautiful, classic option for your home and are most common in older homes and luxury homes. Vinyl windows can range from $100 to well over $900 depending on the window you choose, but have an average cost of $200 to $500 for a mid-range double-hung window replacement. Vinyl windows are by far the most popular choice for modern residential homes, offering great energy efficiency with trims and profiles that mimic the look of traditional wood windows for the exterior and interior of your home. While they are significantly cheaper than most other options, they are not as versatile or efficient as materials such as vinyl or wood, which is why they are not as commonly seen as they were several decades ago. They can cost anywhere from $75 to $800 and above, but the average cost is around $100 to $400 per window unit, making them a great choice for the frugal homeowner. Double Pane Window Cost BreakdownĪluminum windows are one of the least expensive window frame options available on the market. This means that if you need to replace the windows in your home and you then choose to sell, you will likely get most of the cost back, as your home value will be higher. Though window replacements are undoubtedly costly, new windows usually last 15 to 25 years (if properly installed and maintained) and window replacements have one of the highest cost-to-value returns of any renovation project, usually ranging from 71% to 78% at resale. Labor costs will likely be higher with difficult-to-access or large window installs. It usually takes a professional team of at least two installers about an hour to install a single unit on the ground floor. The average cost of a standard size double-hung vinyl window is between $200 and $500, while labor costs usually range from $100 to $300 per window (or around $40 per hour per laborer). Other cost considerations include opting for energy-efficient upgrades, brand, the location of the windows on your home and labor costs. Many factors can affect the cost of materials and labor, such as the type of windows you are replacing and the frame material. If you’re considering replacing the windows of your home, it’s essential to narrow down your needs and preferences before you start looking for quotes. How Much Does Window Replacement Cost? Average Prices Of Every Window Type and Size While we work hard to provide accurate and up to date information that we think you will find relevant, Forbes Home does not and cannot guarantee that any information provided is complete and makes no representations or warranties in connection thereto, nor to the accuracy or applicability thereof. The compensation we receive from advertisers does not influence the recommendations or advice our editorial team provides in our articles or otherwise impact any of the editorial content on Forbes Home. Second, we also include links to advertisers’ offers in some of our articles these “affiliate links” may generate income for our site when you click on them. This site does not include all companies or products available within the market. The compensation we receive for those placements affects how and where advertisers’ offers appear on the site. First, we provide paid placements to advertisers to present their offers. This compensation comes from two main sources. To help support our reporting work, and to continue our ability to provide this content for free to our readers, we receive compensation from the companies that advertise on the Forbes Home site. The Forbes Home editorial team is independent and objective. VLC Media Player is the go-to free video player if you’re looking for software that can handle whatever videos you throw at it. It has a rather modern interface for a multimedia player, a playlist and the possibility to read subtitles. The best free video player you can download today. And the following audio formats: WAV, CD, MPEG audio, Ms WAV, Ms WMA, OGG, AMR audio, AWB audio, AC3, SUN AU format, m4a, AAC, MMF, and FLAC. Total Video Player is a powerful full-featured HD media player, supporting 1080p, 3gp, Mp4, H264, Mov, Flv and all other popular video files together with any audio formats (Mp3, Wma, Ogg, Mpeg-1,Mpeg-2, etc.) as well as DVDs and CD Audios. 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The program is being re-installed (uninstalled and installed again afterwards). Download Total Video Player for Windows to play video and audio files in various popular formats. Total Video Player is a media player supporting 3gp, Mp4, H264, Mov.The program is regarded by the user and/or some websites as a potentially malicious. Total Video Player is a free media player that supports a large number of video and audio formats, including 3gp, MP4, H.264, Flv, MP3, WMA, Ogg, MPEG-1.The program is not listed in the Windows Settings or Control Panel. Video Players free download - Any Video Converter, Total Video Player, YTD Video Downloader, and many more programs.Possible problems that can arise during uninstallation of Total Video Player Removing process running for a long time and does not come to the end.Some traces of the program can still can be found on the computer.After removing the program, some of its related processes still run on the computer. Which weight is less than 5 and keep only the species_id, To see this in action, let’s compose a few queries withįirst, let’s only request rows of the surveys table in Specific columns, filter() rows, or join tables. Query types into SQL allowing us to, e.g., select() On theīright side, this allows us to work with large datasets - even too large That way, R never gets to see the full surveys table -Īnd that’s why it could not tell us how many rows it contains. To the database, waits for its response and returns it to us. To mentally switch back and forth between R and SQL syntax - we canĭon’t even need to know SQL to interact with a database via Instead of having to formulate the SQL query ourselves - and having Matches our manually constructed SELECT statement The output shows the actual SQL query sent to the database it R show_query ( head ( surveys, n = 10 ) ) Let’s check how many rows there are in total using However, some functions don’t work quite as expected. Tables plots and species which we will join Head() command shows us the first 10 rows. Regular ame: The table has 9 columns and the This output of the head command looks just like a Using both the dplyr’s verb syntax and the If you need theseįunctionalities, you will need to use additional R packages (e.g., SELECT SQL statements, but it doesn’t modify the database That provides documentation and best practices to work on databaseįocuses on retrieving and analyzing datasets by generating Supports connecting to the widely-used open source databases sqlite, mysql and postgresql, as well as Google’sĪlso be extended to other database types (a vignette Package you used in the previous chapter, in conjunction with dbplyr Most commonĭatabase types have R packages that allow you to connect to them (e.g., R can connect to almost any existing database type. You can query them without having to download the Connecting to the databaseĪllows you to retrieve only the chunks needed for the currentĮven better, many large datasets are already available in public or R and organizing it in a database is helpful. But what about datasets that are too large for yourĬomputer to handle as a whole? In this case, storing the data outside of Sql.js allows you to easily import and export SQLite databases.So far, we have dealt with small datasets that easily fit into yourĬomputer’s memory. And it can be used both in a browser and in Node.js!Thanks to this, this tool is only executed on the browser side. It can be used like any javascript library. Sql.js is a port of SQLite to JavaScript by compiling the SQLite C code with Emscripten, it is MIT licensed. To see more visit About SQLite compiled to javascript (sql.js) There are several appropriate uses for SQLite: SQLite is public domain, it is free to everyone to use for any purpose,it is the most used database engine in the world! SQLite has a full-featured SQL implementation (Tables, indexes, triggers, SELECT, UPDATE, DELELE, VACUUM. Data are contained in a single disk file, SQLite reads and writes directly to disk files.SQLite is cross-platform! SQLite is an embedded SQL database engine. ).SQLite provides local data storage for applicationswhile client/server SQL database engines implements a shared repository of data. SQLite is not directly comparable to client/server SQL database engines (PostgreSQL, MySQL. This tool does not require installation, it is totally online, you can make SQL online.Just have a simple browser to use it!It can help to make tests quickly or when it is not possible to install software on its server. You do not have to know the SQL commands to use this tool. For everyday use, a fat client may seem more appropriate. This small tool is useful and allows not to have to install a fat client for occasional use. This SQL viewer online allows you to make SQL online test, you can SQL practice online.Thanks to sharing mode, you can be several to test an online SQL database. This SQLite viewer allows you to open SQLite file online in order to create, query, and edit SQLite database files.It is useful for developers wanting to query a database file,it can help test and debug data from a sqlite database.This SQLite playground can also be useful for non-developers. If you are looking for a high-quality supplement to give your dog, liquid gold is a perfect choice! There are many benefits of liquid gold for dogs, including improved digestion, better skin and coat health, stronger bones and teeth, and enhanced overall wellness. If you’re looking for a natural way to improve your dog’s health, then liquid gold for dogs is definitely worth trying out! 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The recommended dosage of liquid gold for dogs is 1 oz. per 25 lbs. twice a day for mature dogs. Not only will it improve their overall health, but it will also help to prevent disease. If you want to give your dog the best possible chance of living a long and healthy life, liquid gold is a great option. Chicken fat and pumpkin whey are rich in vitamins and minerals, which are essential for a healthy immune system. Liquid gold for dogs can also help to enhance overall wellness. Not only will it help to keep their bones and teeth healthy, but it will also provide them with other essential nutrients. If you are looking for a way to improve your dog’s overall health, liquid gold is a great choice. Stronger Bones and TeethĬhicken is also rich in calcium and is essential for strong bones and teeth. It contains both polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated, which can help skin or coat health with omega-7 palmitoleic acid being particularly beneficial for weight management! 3. Better Skin and Coat HealthĬhicken fat is a valuable source of nutrients. If your dog suffers from digestive issues, liquid gold can help to alleviate symptoms and keep their digestive system healthy. Fresh pumpkin whey is rich in probiotics and enzymes, which help to break down food and absorb nutrients more efficiently. One of the main benefits of liquid gold for dogs is improved digestion. Here are some of the benefits of liquid gold for dogs: 1. If you are looking for a high-quality supplement to give your dog, liquid gold is a perfect choice for gut health and healthy digestion! This liquid gold has many benefits for dogs, including improved digestion, better skin and coat health, stronger bones and teeth, and enhanced overall wellness. Liquid gold for dogs is a term used to describe a supplement that is chicken-fat based. When the macOS guest machine reboots, the setup wizard will continue where it left off. Wait while the wizard copies the installation files. Select the virtual disk you formatted and click the Install button. VBoxManage setextradata "macOS" "VBoxInternal/TM/TSCMode" "RealTSCOffset" Copy VBoxManage setextradata "macOS" "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/GetKeyFromRealSMC" 1 Copy. VBoxManage setextradata "macOS" "VBoxInternal/Devices/smc/0/Config/DeviceKey" "ourhardworkbythesewordsguardedpleasedontsteal(c)AppleComputerInc" Copy. VBoxManage setextradata "macOS" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiBoardProduct" "Mac-551B86E5744E2388" Copy. VBoxManage setextradata "macOS" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemVersion" "1.0" Copy. VBoxManage setextradata "macOS" "VBoxInternal/Devices/efi/0/Config/DmiSystemProduct" "MacBookPro15,1" Copy. cd "C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox\" Copy. Finally, execute the commands in the specified order. Once you have done that, modify the virtual machine name accordingly. Next, copy and paste the supplied codes into a text document. First, close the program and run the CMD or Powershell command prompt as an administrator. Installing it using USB 1.1 or 2.0 may result in a keyboard and mouse mistake.īefore running macOS systems using VirtualBox virtualization, you must add additional settings to the virtual machine using the CMD command prompt. The point you must pay attention to here is that you enable USB 3.0. Likewise, enable the Solid-State Drive (SSD) feature in the properties of the macOS.vdi virtual disk file. Thanks to this, the disk of the virtual computer will run faster. To increase the performance of the virtual disk, enable Host I/O Cache on Controller: SATA. For better memory management between the host and guest machine, click the Acceleration tab and tick the Nested Paging feature in the Hardware Virtualization option. Such problems differ from host to computer, so you may need to do some practice and error depending on your PC’s specifications.īy activating the virtualization feature on the virtual computer, you can set up faster and increase system performance. In that case, try turning off the virtualization feature. Suppose you encounter constant errors or loops while setting up the Mac system in VirtualBox. In addition, if you will use virtualization software on the guest machine, enable the Nested VT-x/AMD-V feature. Otherwise, you may encounter a Load_init_program error during installation. A disk size of 100 GB should be acceptable for installation and testing purposes.Īdd 4 processors to the macOS machine in the System / Processor tab. Determine the size of the virtual disk according to the workload you will do in the macOS virtual system. If your host computer’s disk is SSD or NVMe, it would be better to configure the virtual disk as Dynamically allocated.īack up the installation and virtual disk location of the virtual computer to the external disk, and do not unnecessarily fill the capacity of your host disk. If you are using any of the VirtualBox 6.x versions, choose the “VDI” (VirtualBox Disk Image) option as the type for the virtual hard disk during the configuration process on the disk screen and then proceed by clicking the Next button.įurthermore, when setting up a virtual machine using VirtualBox, if you opt to configure the virtual hard disk as a Fixed Size, it will reserve disk space on your host disk corresponding to the size.Ī fixed-size virtual disk on older computers will provide an extra performance boost. But if you are doing a clean installation, prefer the Create a virtual hard disk now option and click the Create button to resume. If the virtual machine disk is ready in the Virtual Hard Disk window, you can add it and run your macOS system directly. In that case, we recommend configuring the virtual processor core count to an appropriate 1 and testing it. Suppose your host computer is getting errors and stuck on the logo during installation. Under normal conditions, a macOS virtual computer runs smoothly with a memory size 4096 (4 GB).Īlso, set the number of 2 or 4 vCPUs for the macOS system to work more efficiently on the virtual computer. If your host RAM has a capacity of 16 GB, assign a RAM size of 4 GB or 8 GB in the Memory Size window. You should allocate RAM size and virtual processor to the virtual machine according to the hardware performance of your host computer. 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